|
Consonants
1. Single letter:
| b /b/ boy |
p /p/ pin |
| c /k/ cat |
qu /kw/ queen (q is always followed by u) |
| /s/ city (before e, i, y) |
r /r/ rat |
| d /d/ dog |
s /s/ sun |
| f /f/ fin |
/z/ rose |
| g /g/ gun |
t /t/ top |
| /j/ ginger (before e, i, y) |
v /v/ van |
| h /h/ hat |
w /w/ win |
| j /j/ jam |
x /ks/ box |
| k /k/ kite |
/z/ xylophone |
| l /l/ lamp |
y /y/ yellow |
| m /m/ man |
z /z/ zebra |
| n /n/ nut |
|
2. Consonant Blends:
Initial blends:
| s blends: |
sc – scar, sk – skate, sl – slide,
sm – smile, sn – snake, sp – spin, st –
state, sw – swim |
| l blends: |
bl – black, cl – click, fl – flower, gl –
glum, sl – slide |
| r blends: |
br – bride, cr – crab, dr – drive, fr –
freeze, gr – green, pr – print, tr – trade
tw – twin
|
| 3-letter blends: |
scr – scrap, spl – split, spr – sprain, str
– strain |
Final blends:
| -nd – stand |
-lk – milk |
-ft – left |
-st - fist |
| -mp – stamp |
-lf – self |
-lp – help |
-ld - mild |
| -ct – fact (the c is not clearly pronounced) |
3. Consonant Digraphs:
| ch – church |
th – that |
th – thin |
sh – ship |
wh – whale |
| -ck (sick), wr (write), kn (knock), gn (gnash) are
usually considered consonant digraphs. –tch and –dge
are technically trigraphs. |
4. Additional Consonant Patterns:
war - warm
wor - world
mb - thumb
ind - mind, ild - child, old - cold, ost - most |
Vowels:
1. Single letter:
Short vowels:
| a – at, apple
e – end, elephant
i – it, igloo
o – ox, octopus
u – up, umbrella
y – gym, gypsy (Usually found in Greek-based words)
NOTE: Short vowels are usually taught in the following sequence
to eliminate auditory discrimination problems: a, i, u, o, e. |
Long vowels:
| a – ate, shape, baby
e – even, Pete, remote
i – ice, like, pilot
o – oboe, vote, hobo
u – uke, mute, cupid
y – Long i as in cry and cycle; long e as in baby
NOTE: Long vowel markers include::
Vowel consonant e as in snake makes the vowel long
Vowel at the end of a syllable (open syllable) will be long
|
2. -r controlled vowels:
| ar – scar |
or – corn |
er – fern, greener |
| ir – bird |
ur – church |
ear – earth, learn |
| The letter l also may change a vowel sound
as in al – halt and all – small |
Vowel digraphs:
| ai –pail(often followed by l or n) |
ay – spray |
| ee – green |
ea – teach |
| oa – boat |
|
| oy – boy |
oi – coil |
| aw – lawn |
au – author |
| ew – few, crew |
eu – feud |
| ue – cue, clue |
ui - fruit |
NOTE: The following vowel digraphs have two common sounds: |
| ou – sound |
ou – boulder (much less common) |
| oo – moon |
oo - cook |
| ea – teach |
ea – head |
| ie – tie |
ie – shield |
| ei – receive |
ei – vein (less common) |
3. Additional Vowel Patterns
| igh – sight eigh
– freight augh
– daughter ough
- thought
|
|
